Workplace Violence and Traumatic Events

Workplace Violence and Traumatic Events Resources

Bullying, Disruptive Behavior, and Workplace Civility

A healthy work environment is essential to patient safety, professional satisfaction, and the well-being of healthcare teams. Bullying, incivility, disruptive behavior, harassment, intimidation, and other forms of workplace mistreatment can negatively affect communication, teamwork, staff retention, and clinical outcomes. CRNAs/nurse anesthesiologists may experience these behaviors from peers, supervisors, patients, visitors, or other members of the healthcare team.

Workplace incivility can range from subtle disrespectful behaviors to repeated bullying or intimidation. Examples may include exclusion from communication, sarcasm, humiliation, hostile remarks, gossip, intimidation, withholding information, verbal abuse, or retaliatory behavior. These behaviors can contribute to burnout, anxiety, emotional distress, and increased risk to patient safety.

AANA supports the development of healthy work environments grounded in professionalism, accountability, psychological safety, collaboration, and mutual respect. The resources below provide guidance on recognizing bullying and disruptive behavior, responding professionally, supporting colleagues, documenting concerns, and promoting workplace civility and psychological safety.

AANA Resources

AANA Journal

Podcasts

External Resources

Workplace Violence

Healthcare professionals dedicate themselves to providing safe, compassionate care, yet workplace violence remains a growing concern across healthcare settings. Examples of workplace violence can include a wide range of behaviors from verbal abuse and harassment to physical assault and active threats. It may occur unexpectedly or develop through escalating behaviors and stressful interactions. Recognizing early warning signs, understanding de-escalation strategies, and knowing how to respond and report concerns are important steps in promoting a safer workplace environment.

AANA supports efforts to improve workplace safety protections for healthcare professionals and advocates for policies and resources that help prevent workplace violence and support affected clinicians. In collaboration with national nursing organizations, AANA has urged federal action to strengthen workplace violence prevention standards for healthcare workers.

The resources below provide information on recognizing workplace violence, responding to threatening situations, supporting recovery after an incident, and fostering a culture of safety and civility within healthcare environments.

Early Warning Signs and De-escalation

  • Key Early Warning Signs (Pre-Escalation)
    • Body Language: Pacing, restlessness, clenched fists, jaw tension, or rigid posture.
    • Verbal Cues: Loud volume, sarcastic comments, threatening language, or irrational demands.
    • Physical Cues: Rapid/shallow breathing, sweating, shaking, or heavy blushing.
    • Behavioral Changes: Sudden withdrawal, silence, staring intently, or constant questioning.
  • De-escalation Tips
    • Remain Calm: Speak slowly and calmly. Avoid acting defensive or escalating the interaction.
    • Physical Space: Maintain a comfortable distance. Avoid blocking exits or becoming cornered.
    • Active Listening/Empathy: Acknowledge their distress with statements like “I can see you are upset” or “It sounds like you are feeling ignored”.
    • Setting Limits: Clearly define acceptable behavior while offering, whenever possible, to address their concerns.
    • Avoid Triggers: Do not make sudden movements, argue, or try to talk over the patient

External Resources

  • OSHA – Workplace Violence
  • CDC – Prioritizing our Healthcare Workers: The Importance of Addressing the Intersection of Workplace Violence and Mental Health and Wellbeing
  • ANA – Protect Yourselves, Protect Your Patients
  • APSF – Healthcare Workplace Violence Prevention
  • AAN – Protecting our Caregivers: Comprehensive Strategies for Eliminating Workplace Violence

If you need immediate support:

  • Call 911 for emergencies or situations involving immediate risk of harm to yourself or others.
  • 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline– Free, confidential 24/7 support available by calling or texting 988, or through online chat, for anyone experiencing emotional distress or suicidal thoughts.
  • AANA Where to Get Help – Additional mental health and wellness support resources for CRNAs and nurse anesthesiology residents.
  • Emotional distress can sometimes contribute to increased alcohol or substance use. The AANA Helpline (800-654-5167) provides confidential 24/7 support, information, and resources tailored to CRNAs and residents experiencing concerns related to substance use.

Addressing Workplace Concerns

CRNAs/nurse anesthesiologists may hesitate to report workplace concerns due to fear of retaliation, unclear organizational policies, uncertainty about reporting processes, or the normalization of disruptive behavior and workplace violence in healthcare settings. However, addressing concerns early can help support personal well-being, strengthen team communication, and promote a safer environment for both healthcare professionals and patients.

CRNAs/nurse anesthesiologists are encouraged to become familiar with their organization’s workplace policies, employee handbooks, reporting procedures, and available support resources. Depending on the situation, concerns may be discussed with supervisors, department leadership, Human Resources, risk management, compliance teams, employee assistance programs, or workplace safety personnel.

Active Threats and Hospital Shootings

Active threats, including active shooter events and other acts of targeted violence, present unique challenges in healthcare environments where vulnerable patients, complex clinical spaces, and continuous operations may limit rapid evacuation and response. Healthcare professionals may be responsible for patients who cannot independently move due to critical illness, anesthesia, surgery, mobility limitations, or specialized equipment.

These unique challenges require specialized emergency planning and coordination across hospital areas. Preparation, situational awareness, communication, training, and coordinated response planning are essential components of workplace safety, and CRNAs/nurse anesthesiologists should be familiar with their facility’s emergency operations plans, lockdown procedures, evacuation routes, and emergency communication systems.

Recognizing Potential Warning Signs

While no single profile predicts violent behavior, certain behaviors may warrant concern and reporting through appropriate organizational channels. Warning signs can include:

  • Escalating threats or hostility
  • Fixation on violence or weapons
  • Significant behavioral changes
  • Expressions of hopelessness or revenge
  • Discussing plans to harm others
  • Attempts to gain unauthorized access to restricted areas or weapons

Healthcare organizations may use multidisciplinary threat assessment teams to evaluate concerning behaviors and coordinate early intervention efforts.

During an Active Threat Event

Active threat situations are unpredictable and may change rapidly. Staff should follow facility-specific emergency procedures and law enforcement instructions.

AANA Resources

External Resources

  • FBI – Active Shooter Resources and Preparedness
  • US Department of Homeland Security – Active Shooter – How to Respond
  • Nurses Service Organization (NSO) – Active Shooter Response in Healthcare Settings
  • Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) – Active Shooter Preparedness
  • OSHA – Workplace Violence

Recovery After Traumatic Events

Following an active threat or workplace violence incident, emotional and psychological reactions are common and may include anxiety, sleep disturbances, hypervigilance, grief, guilt, irritability, or difficulty concentrating. Recovery may take time and individuals may respond differently.

Supportive measures may include:

  • Peer support
  • Counseling or mental health services
  • Employee Assistance Programs (EAP)
  • Spiritual care or chaplain services
  • Time away from work when appropriate
  • Participation in after-action reviews and organizational recovery planning
  • Emotional distress can sometimes contribute to increased alcohol or substance use. The AANA Helpline (800-654-5167) provides confidential 24/7 support, information, and resources tailored to CRNAs/nurse anesthesiologists and residents experiencing concerns related to substance use.
  • Using additional wellness resources including Critical Incidents, Second Victim, Stress Management, and PTSD.
  • Additional mental health and wellness support resources for CRNAs/nurse anesthesiologists and nurse anesthesiology residents – AANA Where to Get Help.

Organizations should foster trauma-informed support, transparent communication, and ongoing psychological safety after these events.

Supporting Colleagues After Violence

Experiencing or witnessing workplace violence, disruptive behavior, or traumatic events can have lasting emotional and psychological effects. Colleagues may respond differently following these experiences, and signs of distress are not always immediately visible. Supportive workplaces that encourage compassion, open communication, and psychological safety can play an important role in recovery and overall well-being.

Healthcare professionals can support colleagues by,

  • Recognizing signs of stress or emotional struggle
  • Listening without judgment
  • Responding with empathy and respect

Helpful approaches may include,

  • Checking in privately
  • Acknowledging the difficulty of the experience
  • Offering support or a listening ear
  • Encouraging use of available wellness resources including Critical Incidents, Second Victim, Stress Management, and PTSD.
  • Emotional distress can sometimes contribute to increased alcohol or substance use. The AANA Helpline (800-654-5167) provides confidential 24/7 support, information, and resources tailored to CRNAs/nurse anesthesiologists and residents experiencing concerns related to substance use.

Avoid minimizing concerns, assigning blame, or pressuring someone to “move on” before they are ready. Building a culture of support, professionalism, and mutual respect helps strengthen healthcare teams and promotes safer, healthier work environments for both clinicians and patients.

No healthcare professional should feel alone after experiencing workplace violence, disruptive behavior, or traumatic events. AANA remains committed to supporting the safety, well-being, and professional resilience of CRNAs/nurse anesthesiologists throughout every stage of their careers.