1914-1917

Agatha Hodgins and other nurse anesthetists served in volunteer American medical units that provided anesthesia for casualties during World War I.

1915

Agatha Hodgins formally established the Lakeside Hospital School
of Anesthesia in Cleveland, Ohio. She had been teaching anesthesia to nurses and doctors there since 1911.

1916

The Lakeside Hospital School of Anesthesia closed after a conflict with the Ohio State Medical Board over the legality of nurses administering anesthesia. It reopened in 1917. (Thatcher pp112-3)

1917

In Frank v South, the Kentucky Court of Appeals ruled that nurse anesthetist Margaret Hatfield was not engaged in the practice of medicine when she administered anesthesia for surgeon Louis Frank’s cases.

1918